Surf Fishing Tackle Box Essentials: Complete Guide


Intro
Surf fishing is an art that blends skill, patience, and the right equipment. It's more than just casting a line; it requires understanding the behavior of fish, the nuances of tides, and having the right gear at your fingertips. A well-organized tackle box can make all the difference, transforming a day on the beach from a mundane outing into a successful fishing expedition.
Weâll break down the essential elements of a surf fishing tackle box here. From beginners looking to catch their first fish to seasoned anglers aiming for that trophy catch, everyone can benefit from a robust understanding of what tools are necessary on the shoreline.
This guide will touch on crucial elements, whether thatâs selecting the right tackle box for your needs or stocking it with the right gear. Understanding the function of various pieces of equipment and how they all work together is key to elevating your surf fishing game.
Techniques and Tips
Essential Surfing Techniques for Beginners
For those just starting out, grasping the basics is paramount. First, know when to head outâearly morning or just before dusk is often the golden hour for many species.
Here are some essential techniques:
- Casting: Mastering your cast can be a game changer. A longer cast can often yield better results as it takes your bait to where the fish are hiding.
- Tide Knowledge: Understanding the tides is crucial. Fish are more active during certain tidal movements.
- Using the Right Bait: Live bait often proves more effective than lures. Try sand crabs or shrimp, which are local favorites.
Advanced Maneuvers for Experienced Surfers
Once you're comfortable with the basics, youâll want to refine your skills. Advanced techniques can set you apart:
- Reading the Water: Being able to spot rip currents and sandbars allows you to predict where fish might be congregating, thus increasing your chances.
- Tackle Adjustments: Knowing when to switch up your tackle based on the conditions is vital. Consider the wind, wave height, and time of day.
- Stealth Approaches: Fish can be easily spooked. Approach quietly and avoid sudden movements to increase your likelihood of a catch.
Gear and Equipment
Understanding what gear to have on hand is as important as knowing how to use it. Selecting the proper tackle box is integral, as it needs to accommodate a variety of items without becoming a mess.
Choosing the Right Tackle Box
There are various options available:
- Soft-sided Tackle Bags: These are versatile and can easily fit into tight spaces.
- Hard Plastic Boxes: Offering greater protection for your gear, these are ideal for anglers who frequent rougher environments.
- Roll-away Carts: Great for surf fishermen who carry a lot of gear, these can help in transportation across the sand.
Must-Have Accessories for Every Surfer
Ensure your tackle box is packed with the following:
- Reels and Rods: The backbone of your setup. Good-quality saltwater rods and reels can withstand the elements.
- Terminal Tackle: Donât forget hooks, weights, and swivels. This small gear is vital for setting your rig up right.
- Bait Cooler: Keeping your live bait fresh increases your chances of a good catch.
"Surf fishing is not just about what you catch, but how you experience the waves and the solitude of the beach.â
By thoughtfully organizing your tackle box and equipping yourself with the right gear, youâre not just preparing for a fishing trip. Youâre setting the stage for countless memorable moments on the water.
Stay tuned as we dive deeper into specific tackle recommendations and strategies for success that can transform even the casual angler into a formidable competitor in the surf.
Prelims to Surf Fishing
Surf fishing offers a unique blend of challenge and reward that attracts many anglers, whether they are seasoned veterans or fresh to the tide. This form of fishing is not just about casting lines; it's a way of connecting deeply with the rhythm of the ocean. Understanding the art of surf fishing means becoming adept at reading waves and currents, knowing the behavior of various fish species, and appreciating the nuances that come with surf conditions.
When you wander onto a beach with your tackle in hand, the ocean stretches out before you like a vast canvas, with every wave promising endless possibilities. The appeal of surf fishing lies chiefly in its accessibility. Unlike boat fishing, which can require costly gear and specific locations, surf fishing can be enjoyed at many coastlinesâmaking it a favorable option for a wide range of fishing enthusiasts. Packing a tackle box with the right gear is essential to maximizing your experience out on the shore.
This article wants to spotlight the instrumental role of a tackle box in surf fishing. A well-organized tackle box serves both the novice and experienced angler, helping them stay ready for action while adapting to shifting conditions. Itâs akin to having a roadmap that outlines the best routes to take for success. By understanding the nuances of surf fishing and systematically organizing your tackle, you heighten your chances of landing that prized catch.
As we delve deeper, weâll explore not just the essential items to include in your tackle box, but also how to articulate this knowledge into effective fishing strategies. Weâll wager that what you find in this guide isnât just the mechanics of packing a box, but a holistic view of surf fishing that fosters skill development and ignites a passion for this engaging outdoor activity.
"In fishing, as in life, preparation meets opportunity."
Having the right tackle on hand can be a game-changer, whether youâre angling for pompano, redfish, or even the elusive striped bass. This essential knowledge will elevate your beach escapades and ensure youâre set to reel in the catch of your dreams.
Purpose of a Tackle Box
A tackle box is not merely a container for fishing gear; itâs an essential part of every surf anglerâs setup. The right tackle box serves several functions, each enhancing the experience of surf fishing by streamlining the process and encouraging efficiency. If you've ever been knee-deep in sand and searched through your gear only to find what you need buried under a pile of your other tackle, youâll know how crucial organization is. The functionality of a tackle box can significantly impact one's angling success and enjoyment.
Organization and Accessibility
One of the foremost responsibilities of a tackle box is to keep your gear organized and easily accessible. A well-organized tackle box can save you from unnecessary frustration when you're out on the beach, where time is often of the essence. Think of it this way: if everything has its place, you can grab what you need without rummaging through a chaotic jigsaw puzzle of fishing items.
- Categorization is Key: By dividing your tackle into categories such as lures, hooks, weights, and emergency items, youâll find that reaching for your gear becomes second nature.
- Visual Organization: Transparent compartments or labeled sections allow you to quickly spot what youâre looking for. No need to play fishing âhide and seekâ when your next catch is out there waiting.
- Accessibility during Action: When you spot a particular spot or see a fish biting, you need to react quickly; so having everything organized means you wonât miss an opportunity due to disarray.


By being organized and having gear laid out at your fingertips, you can focus on more important things, like which wave to cast into next.
Protecting Gear from Elements
Surf fishing inherently exposes your gear to a host of environmental factors: saltwater, sand, wind, and sun. These can wreak havoc on your tackle if not properly managed. Therefore, a tackle box not only organizes but also protects your investments from mother nature's whims.
- Water-Resistant Materials: Opt for tackle boxes made from high-quality, water-resistant materials. This small detail can save your hooks from rust and your lures from corrosion.
- Sealing Features: Look for tackle boxes with tight-sealing mechanisms. A good seal keeps moisture, salt, and sand out, ensuring your gear remains battle-ready.
- Durability: The surf environment can be rough. A sturdy tackle box is essential to withstand falls or being knocked around by waves.
In summary, the tackle box serves as the cornerstone of a surf fisher's setup. It's about organization and protectionâtwo aspects that can make or break your fishing excursion. Remember, a cluttered tackle box often leads to a cluttered mind, which may just cost you the sweetest catch of the day!
"A smart angler knows that keeping everything tidy leads to more successful casts and fewer missed opportunities."
By focusing on the purpose of your tackle box, you can elevate your surf fishing game. Whether youâre a seasoned pro or just diving into this exhilarating pastime, understanding and prioritizing the utility of your tackle box is a step towards angling success.
Choosing the Right Tackle Box
Selecting the ideal tackle box is pivotal for any surf fisherman. It's not just about holding your gear; it's about efficiency and convenience during those long, sun-soaked hours on the beach. A well-considered tackle box can transform a chaotic fishing trip into an organized and successful fishing experience. Thoughtful selection takes into account materials, size, compartments, and personal preferences. Finding the right tackle box can save you time, keep your gear in good shape, and ultimately enhance your success on the water.
Material Considerations
When it comes to materials, durability should be front and center. You want a tackle box that can withstand the rigors of surf fishing, which include exposure to saltwater, sand, and sun. A plastic tackle box may be lightweight and economical, but it may not last as long as one made from aluminum or other sturdier options.
- Plastic: Often lightweight and affordable, but pay attention to its thickness and UV resistance.
- Aluminum: Provides ruggedness and is resistant to corrosion. It can be heavier but offers long-term investment.
- Fabric: Some newer tackle bags utilize durable fabrics that are water-resistant, offering flexibility in packing and easy mobility.
Each material has its pros and cons. Think about where you'll be fishing and the conditions you may face. A box made from high-quality materials not only protects your equipment but also maintains its functionality over time.
Size and Weight Factors
Next, size and weight are crucial factors to consider. While you might be tempted to haul a giant tackle box loaded with every piece of gear you own, this can lead to unnecessary fatigue. An overstuffed tackle box can become a burden, especially when battling the elements and wanting to stroll along the beach.
- Portability: Does it have a comfortable handle or strap?
- Capacity: Is it large enough to accommodate necessary items without being unwieldy?
- Storage Solutions: Consider how often you might need to carry your gear over sandy terrain or rocky areas. A compact, lightweight box can go a long way in making your fishing experience posetive.
Finding the right balance between adequate storage and manageable weight is key. Your tackle box should serve as an ally, not a crutch.
Compartments and Sections
Finally, the organization is vital, and the design of compartments and sections can greatly influence your fishing success. A tackle box with well-defined compartments can keep your hooks, lures, and other gear neatly sorted.
- Adjustable Dividers: Some tackle boxes come with removable dividers, giving you the flexibility to customize space based on your tools.
- Zippered Pockets: If you opt for a tackle bag, consider whether zippered pockets can keep smaller items secure.
- Accessibility: Think about how quickly you can grab a specific lure or tool. A practical design allows for quick access should a fish decide to nibble unexpectedly.
A good tackle box should cater to your fishing style and personal needs. Remember, the right organization leads to efficiency on the beach, whether itâs reel time or a quick lunch break.
"A tackle box is more than a storage unit. It's the heart of your fishing experience."
Ultimately, investing time in selecting the right tackle box tailored for your surf fishing needs ensures you're equipped for enjoyment and success.
Essential Gear for Surf Fishing
Surf fishing is an engaging pursuit that brings together the thrill of combatting natureâs elements and the quietude of a beachside serenity. Within this dynamic, your choice of gear plays a pivotal role. The right equipment not only boosts your chances of landing that prized catch but enhances your overall experience on the water. Let's examine the core components crucial to surf fishing effectiveness.
Fishing Rods and Reels
The backbone of your surf fishing setup starts with rods and reels. When selecting these, consider the type of fish you're after, as well as the turbulent surf conditions. Long surf rods, typically between 10 to 12 feet, allow casting beyond the breaking waves to reach fish that are often lurking at a distance from the shoreline.
For reels, opt for those designed for saltwater; they mitigate corrosion and are built to withstand the rigorous tussles with larger fish.
- Baitcasting Reels are excellent for precision but might require a bit more skill to master.
- Spinning Reels are user-friendly, making them a popular choice for novices and seasoned anglers alike.
The combination of rod strength and reel durability cannot be overstated, as they are your first line of defense against the oceanâs bite.
Line Selection
Next up, line selection plays a crucial role. The size and strength of your fishing line can greatly affect your success on the water. In surf fishing, monofilament line has its merits due to its buoyancy and stretch, which are beneficial in turbulent surf conditions. However, braided line offers higher sensitivity and strength with a thinner diameter, enabling you to cast farther and feel those gentle nudges more effectively.
- For general surf fishing, stick with line ratings between 15 to 30 pounds test.
- In windy environments, you may want to lean towards heavier lines for better handling.
The stronger your line, the better your chances of landing the big one, while also ensuring that you donât lose tackle to stubborn fish.
Hooks and Terminal Tackle


Hooks and terminal tackle often go unnoticed but are essential to the performance of your gear. Matching the hook size to your targeted species is key; smaller hooks may prove effective for panfish, while larger hooks are necessary for catching bigger game like striped bass.
When considering terminal tackle, think about weights and sinkers that can withstand the surf's pull.
- Use pyramid sinkers for swift currents, as they anchor well.
- Snap swivels can help reduce line twist, allowing you to change lures and rigs quickly.
Selecting quality hooks and terminal tackle enhances your setup's reliability greatly, preventing frustrating moments when trying to reel in your catch.
Baits and Lures
Equally significant is the bait and lures you choose. Live bait tends to attract a wider variety of fish while artificial lures can mimic the movement of prey, fooling even the wariest of species.
- Live Baits such as sand worms or mullet, work remarkably well for attracting both flounder and bluefish.
- Artificial Lures such as spoons or jigs can stand up against the wash of the surf and are particularly effective for species like striped bass.
Understanding local fish behavior and preferences can significantly shape your bait strategy. When necessary, it is worth experimenting with different types of bait on the same fishing day to find what the fish are actively seeking.
In surf fishing, the adaptability of your gear and bait strategies can make all the difference between a fruitful day and coming home empty-handed.
By carefully selecting your rods, reels, line, hooks, and bait, you set yourself up for a more enjoyable and successful surf fishing experience. Proper gear empowers you to face the waves head-on and reel in memories that will last a lifetime.
Additional Tools and Accessories
When it comes to surf fishing, the right tools and accessories can be the make-or-break factor during your time at the shore. While rods, reels, and tackle are essential, additional equipment can significantly enhance your fishing experience. These tools help you manage your catch effectively, keep your gear in top shape, and ultimately increase your chances of success.
Measuring and Weighing Gear
Accurate measurements and weights can hold great importance in surf fishing. Whether you are trying to abide by local fishing regulations or just wanting to keep track of your catchâs size, having the right measuring and weighing gear is essential. For instance, a good-quality fishing scale can help you understand the weight of your largest catch of the day, providing insight thatâs useful for future fishing trips.
- Measuring Tape: A simple yet effective measuring tape is indispensable. You can quickly gauge the size of your fish and ensure it complies with size limits. Many anglers prefer a retractable tape, which neatly fits in your tackle box.
- Digital Scale: For accuracy, digital scales prove beneficial. They easily give you not just the weight but can offer additional data like Fish ID, which can come in handy for making informed decisions during your fishing endeavors.
These tools do not just prevent you from hitting any legal snags; they also bolster your confidence as you angle. After all, who doesnât want to boast about that trophy fish they caught?
Fish Handling Tools
Proper fish handling is crucial for both the sport and conservation. Being mindful how we manage our catch can make a significant difference in its survival post-release. Fish handling tools help ensure that fish are treated with care, promoting healthier ecosystems while also enabling you to share your fishing experience with others.
- Grip Pliers: These handy devices enable you to handle fish without getting your hands slimy, reducing stress on the fish and keeping it more comfortable. Plus, they come in various sizes to accommodate different species.
- Fish Gripper: A fish gripper will allow you to hold your fish securely without damaging its delicate skin. This is particularly valuable when handling larger coastal species.
- Knot Tyer: Although itâs not your typical fish handling gear, this tool helps you create tight knots for rigging that can withstand pulls and tugs when a fish bites. A well-tied knot equates to a proper catch.
Taking care of your fish post-catch reflects a conscious fishing philosophy. It can also mean the difference between a lively fish returning to water or one that has to sadly succumb.
Maintenance and Repair Items
Surf fishing can be an overall joyful experience, but gear can sometimes take a beating in the harsh beach environment. That's why carrying items for maintenance and repair can save you from unforeseen troubles out on the water.
- Lubricant: Keeping your reel in good working order is essential, and using the right lubricant can prevent rust and corrosion. Just a little goes a long way in ensuring longevity for your equipment.
- Repair Kits: Bringing a basic repair kit with youâcontaining things like spare line, pliers, and scissorsâmeans you can quickly address any unexpected issues. It's a failsafe when youâre miles away from home or a shop.
- Pre-emptive Solutions: Consider carrying UV-protectant sprays for your gear. This can greatly enhance the lifespan of your tackle by keeping the sun's rays from causing damage.
Having these maintenance tools close at hand eliminates problems before they escalate, letting you get back to what you enjoyâfishing.
"The best fish is the one thatâs safely caught and released." This rings true as we explore our impact on marine ecosystems through responsible fishing practices.
Organizing Your Tackle Box
A well-organized tackle box is the backbone of a successful surf fishing expedition. When you're knee-deep in water, braving the elements, the last thing you want is to rummage through a chaotic assortment of gear, wasting time and energy that could be better spent baiting your hook or making that perfect cast. Proper organization not only streamlines the fishing process but also increases efficiency and enhances the overall experience.
Categorization Strategies
Breaking down your tackle box into specific categories is key to an effective system. This way, you can swiftly locate what you need without having to sift through each item individually. Here are some practical categorization strategies:
- Type of Gear: Separate your hooks, lures, weights, and lines. For instance, keep all your hooks in one compartment, and lures in another. This minimizes the time spent searching.
- Water Conditions: Consider grouping tackle based on where you typically fishâwhether in choppy or calm waters. This helps to match your gear with the conditions you might encounter.
- Target Species: If youâre casting your line for various species, designate sections of your tackle box for each type of fish. For example, saltwater specifications for surf perch, striped bass, or even sharks will ensure that you're always prepared.
These categorization strategies let you dive into action without wasting time when the fish are biting. You want to be of the mindset where grabbing a lure or hook feels second nature rather than a chore.
Efficient Packing Techniques
Now that youâve laid out your categories, letâs focus on how to pack your tackle box efficiently. Think of packing as a means of maximizing space while keeping everything accessible. Here are some techniques to consider:
- Layering: Тhe top layer should include your most frequently used items. Use a tackle box with a removable tray to keep your most-needed gear front-and-center.
- Use Small Containers: Employ smaller tackle boxes or organizers to keep items separated. For smaller items like swivels and beads, itâs often helpful to use clear containers, which take less space but allow for quick visibility.
- Avoid Overpacking: While itâs tempting to bring everything but the kitchen sink, fight the urge. Make a habit of reviewing your gear before each trip to filter out what you truly need, ensuring that your tackle box is light and efficient to carry.
To sum it up, think about the methods that best suit your fishing style while organizing your tackle box. Itâs that fine balance between functionality and personal touch that will likely make surf fishing a more enjoyable pursuit.


"A well-organized tackle box reflects a well-prepared angler. Organization is not merely about aesthetics; itâs a way to boost your performance on the water."
When you apply these strategies, you'll find your fishing experience transforms. Youâll be able to focus on what really matters: enjoying your time on the water and catching those elusive fish.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
When it comes to surf fishing, the right gear can make all the difference. However, even the best equipment will falter if common mistakes are made. Understanding what pitfalls to dodge not only enhances your fishing experience but can significantly increase your success on the beach.
Overpacking vs. Underpacking
Packing for a surf fishing trip can feel like trying to tackle a tidal wave with just a bucket. Two common traps anglers often fall into are overpacking and underpacking. Each approach has its drawbacks, and knowing where to draw the line is crucial.
Overpacking can lead to a cumbersome experience. Imagine lugging around a tackle box that feels like itâs got a black hole inside it. Not only does this make maneuvering along the sandy shore a hassle, but it can also overwhelm you with choices at the moment you need to make quick decisions. You might find yourself sifting through piles of unnecessary lures, lines, and tools.
To avoid this, stick to the essentials that you are most likely to use. Create a checklist based on your target species, the time of year, and the specific conditions of the beach where youâll be fishing. After all, you want to fish the ocean, not haul a mountain up and down the coastline.
On the flip side, underpacking can leave you high and dryâquite literally. Many anglers make the mistake of thinking they can just wing it. Forgetting crucial items like hooks or bait can turn an anticipated adventure into a frustrating expedition. In the world of surf fishing, miscalculation can often lead to missed opportunities. A moment of carelessness can mean no catch at all.
A balanced approachâbringing what you need but nothing moreâis key. Itâs often better to mistake minimalism for efficiency rather than leaving behind an item that could have made your fishing day a success.
Neglecting Maintenance
Itâs easy to assume that your gear is going to work beautifully without any upkeep. The truth is, neglecting maintenance is a fast track to frustration and failure. Not just about cleanliness, gear upkeep encompasses much moreâchecking knots, replacing frayed lines, and maintaining reels are just a few elements of essential maintenance.
Routine checks can be a lifesaver. Take a few moments before embarking on your fishing journey to ensure everything is in optimal shape. Examine your fishing line for abrasions or knots that could jeopardize your catch. Clean your reel to remove salt or sand from previous outings, and check that all lures are intact and ready to go.
Failing to do so can lead to missed moments. You donât want to be that person who has all the right tools, but none of them work because they were neglected.
"A well-maintained tackle box is the vessel of your fishing success. Treat your gear with respect, and it will reward you in kind.â
Taking note of these key points will not only help improve your day out on the water but can also make the difference in how successful you are in reeling in a big catch. Remember, maximizing your fishing experience requires both staying organized and maintaining your gear, ensuring all goes smoothly on your next surf fishing adventure.
Staying Updated with Gear Trends
In the ever-evolving world of surf fishing, keeping your tackle box aligned with the latest gear trends is not just beneficial; itâs crucial. With technological advancements and changing fishing regulations, staying informed can make or break your success on the beach. The right gear can enhance your fishing experience, make it more efficient, and even align with sustainable practices that safeguard our oceans and ecosystems.
Innovations in Tackle Design
Today, innovations in tackle design are transforming how surf fishermen approach their favorite pastime. Take, for instance, the emergence of lightweight rod materials like carbon fiber, which drastically reduce fatigue during long fishing sessions. These rods are not only durable but also sensitive enough to detect even the slightest nibble on your bait.
- Smart reels, incorporating digital technology, have begun to gain traction among anglers. Features like automatic line management and built-in scales simplify the fishing experience, allowing you to catch fish with more precision than ever before.
- Ergonomic handles are now common in reels, providing better grip to avoid slipping, especially in wet conditions. Youâll find that comfort translates into longer fishing durations without the aches and pains that often follow.
- Customizable tackle systems are also a fresh trend. By allowing anglers to interchange components like lure attachments and weights, these systems cater to individual preferences, making your fishing experience more personal and effective.
As trends fluctuate, keeping an eye on these innovations ensures that your tackle box remains stocked with equipment that truly enhances your surf fishing game.
Sustainable Fishing Practices
Aside from innovations, sustainable fishing practices are becoming more prominent in the surf fishing community. The need to protect marine life and habitats is recognized more than ever. By staying updated with these trends, anglers contribute positively to the environment while improving their fishing outcomes.
- Biodegradable lures are one key development. Traditional lures often end up in the ocean, posing a risk to marine life. Newer options, made from natural materials, help minimize this risk.
- Catch-and-release techniques are gaining momentum, coupled with gear designed to ensure fish survive after being caught. Tools like dehookers and soft landing nets make the process smoother, reducing harm to the fish.
- Community initiatives for beach cleanups and awareness campaigns are worth participating in as well. These foster a sense of responsibility among surf fishermen and encourage practices that respect and preserve the wilderness.
Staying informed about sustainable practices not only helps preserve the natural beauty of the beaches but also aligns with the growing preferences of a conscientious fishing community. To keep up, resources like the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (noaa.gov) and forums on Reddit (reddit.com/r/fishing) provide regular updates.
"A well-informed angler respects both the craft and the environment."
By being proactive and embracing these gear trends and sustainable practices, surfers and anglers are better equipped to tackle challenges while ensuring their beloved activity will continue for generations to come.
Epilogue
As we wrap up our thorough exploration of surf fishing tackle boxes, itâs crucial to reflect on the value and insights shared throughout this guide. A well-organized tackle box is not just a convenience; it's a fundamental part of a successful surf fishing experience. With the right gear properly arranged, anglers can focus on what truly matters: the chase and the enjoyment of the sport.
Recap of Key Points
To summarize, a tackle box serves multiple purposes, including:
- Organization: Keeping gear accessible means that youâre ready to make the most of every fishing opportunity.
- Protection: Equipment that can withstand the environmental factors of the beach is essential for maintaining longevity.
- Customization: Selecting a tackle box that suits your specific needs enables efficiency and optimal performance.
We discussed various materials, sizes, and compartment designs that cater to all types of anglers, whether you're a novice learning the ropes or a seasoned pro. Moreover, understanding the essential gearâlike rods, reels, lines, and terminal tackleâensures that you are armed with equipment tailored for success.
Final Recommendations
In closing, here are some practical recommendations to enhance your surf fishing pursuit:
- Routine Maintenance: Regularly check and clean your tackle box and its contents. This can prevent rust and corrosion, particularly on hooks and reels that have been exposed to saltwater.
- Minimalist Approach: Donât fall into the trap of overpacking. Focus on versatile lures and well-chosen baits to streamline your gear.
- Stay Informed: Observing trends in tackle design can offer enhancements that improve your fishing game. Keep an eye out for new developments and sustainable practices going hand-in-hand with your fishing ethics.
This comprehensive guide has aimed to encapsulate the essentials of surf fishing tackle boxes. By putting these insights into action, you can elevate your fishing experience and become a more effective angler. Let the waves guide your journey, and may your tackle box always be tailored to your evolving needs.



